Subheading · Chapter 16 · Heading 1604
1604.13: Sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats
Prepared sardines and sprats
1604.13 is the HS subheading for prepared sardines and sprats, under heading 1604 in chapter 16.
What you pay
Importing into UK
Rates by national line · UK Global Tariff
UK lines →- 1604 13 00 00 Sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats
- Sardines
- 1604 13 11 00 In olive oil 12%
- 1604 13 11 20 Of the species sardina pilchardus 12%
- 1604 13 11 90 Other 12%
- 1604 13 19 00 Other 12%
- 1604 13 19 20 Of the species sardina pilchardus 12%
- 1604 13 19 90 Other 12%
- 1604 13 90 00 Other 12%
- 1604 13 90 10 Fillets, raw, merely coated with batter or breadcrumbs, whether or not prefried in oil, deepfrozen 12%
- Other 12%
- Brisling or sprats (sprattus sprattus) 12%
- 1604 13 90 91 In airtight cans 12%
- 1604 13 90 92 Other 12%
- 1604 13 90 99 Other 12%
Additional duties and import rules
Charges on top of the customs duty, and rules the goods must meet at the border.
Additional duties and charges 1
- Additional dutyAdditional duties 35%
- Applies to goods from
- Belarus, Russia
- Legal act
- 2022 No. 833
- Documents
- 9018
Import requirements 5
- Prohibition or restrictionImport prohibition
- Applies to goods from
- Cambodia, Comoros, North Korea, St Vincent & the Grenadines
- Legal act
- 2014 No. 170, S.I. 2019/411
- Import controlVeterinary control
- Applies to goods from
- Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, American Samoa, Andorra, Angola, Anguilla, Antarctica and 232 more
- Legal act
- S.I. 2019/782
- Documents
- C084 Exemption by virtue of Articles 3 and 4 of regulation 2019/2122 (animals intended for scientific purposes, research and diagnostic samples, and samples for product analysis and quality testing).
- N853 Common Health Entry Document for Products (CHED-P) (as set out in Part 2, Section B of Annex II to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/1715 (OJ L 261))
- Y058 Exemption by virtue of Article 7 of Commission Delegated Regulation 2019/2122 (Goods which form part of passengers' personal luggage and are intended for personal consumption or use) or Article 10 (small consignments of goods sent to natural persons which are not intended to be placed on the market) of Commission Delegated Regulation 2019/2122
- Y931 Goods benefitting from derogation to veterinary controls according to Article 3 of Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2021/630
- Import controlRestriction on entry into free circulation
- Applies to goods from
- Ukraine
- Legal act
- S.I. 2022/395
- Documents
- 9009
- 9010
- 9017
- Import controlControl on illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
- Applies to goods from
- all countries except Cambodia, Comoros, St Vincent & the Grenadines
- Import controlImport control of organic products
- Applies to goods from
- all countries except Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Switzerland, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Denmark, Estonia, Spain, Finland, France, United Kingdom, Greece, Croatia, Hungary, Ireland, Iceland, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovenia, Slovakia
- Legal act
- S.I. 2019/693
Preferential rates by country
| Agreement or scheme | Countries | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| standard rate (no agreement) | — | 12% |
| DCTS Comprehensive | Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin and 38 moreAfghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo - Kinshasa, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia | Free |
| European Union (including code "EU") | Free | |
| DCTS Enhanced | Algeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville and 13 moreAlgeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville, Cook Islands, Kyrgyzstan, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Niue, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu | Free |
| CARIFORUM | Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize and 10 moreAntigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago | Free |
| OCTs (Overseas Countries and Territories) | Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands and 7 moreAnguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, St Helena, Turks & Caicos Islands | Free |
| Central America | Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama | Free |
| SADC EPA | Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia | Free |
| Eastern and Southern Africa States | Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Zimbabwe | Free |
| CPTPP | Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam | Free |
| UK–Australia agreement | Australia | Free |
| UK–Canada agreement | Canada | Free |
| UK–Côte d’Ivoire agreement | Côte d’Ivoire | Free |
| UK–Chile agreement | Chile | Free |
| UK–Cameroon agreement | Cameroon | Free |
| UK–Colombia agreement | Colombia | Free |
| UK–Ceuta & Melilla agreement | Ceuta & Melilla | Free |
| UK–Ecuador agreement | Ecuador | Free |
| UK–Fiji agreement | Fiji | Free |
| UK–Georgia agreement | Georgia | Free |
| UK–Ghana agreement | Ghana | Free |
| UK–India agreement | India | Free |
| UK–Japan agreement | Japan | Free |
| UK–Kenya agreement | Kenya | Free |
| UK–South Korea agreement | South Korea | Free |
| UK–Lebanon agreement | Lebanon | Free |
| UK–Morocco agreement | Morocco | Free |
| UK–Moldova agreement | Moldova | Free |
| UK–North Macedonia agreement | North Macedonia | Free |
| UK–Mexico agreement | Mexico | Free |
| UK–New Zealand agreement | New Zealand | Free |
| UK–Peru agreement | Peru | Free |
| UK–Papua New Guinea agreement | Papua New Guinea | Free |
| UK–Palestinian Territories agreement | Palestinian Territories | Free |
| UK–Solomon Islands agreement | Solomon Islands | Free |
| UK–Singapore agreement | Singapore | Free |
| UK–San Marino agreement | San Marino | Free |
| UK–Tunisia agreementQuota | Tunisia | Free |
| UK–Türkiye agreement | Türkiye | Free |
| UK–Ukraine agreement | Ukraine | Free |
| UK–Samoa agreement | Samoa | Free |
| UK–Kosovo agreement | Kosovo | Free |
| UK–South Africa agreement | South Africa | Free |
| UK–Faroe Islands agreement | Faroe Islands | Free |
| UK–Iceland agreement | Iceland | 3% – 3.7% |
| UK–Norway agreement | Norway | 3.6% – 3.7% |
| UK–Albania agreementQuota | Albania | 6% |
| UK–Albania agreement | Albania | 6% |
| DCTS Standard | Indonesia | 8.5% |
| UK–Serbia agreementQuota | Serbia | 8.7% |
UK: imports by month
Main suppliers, last 12 months
| Country | Value | Share | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| £41.5m | 66.1% | +37.6% | |
| £12.8m | 20.4% | +65.7% | |
| £1.9m | 3% | +165.6% | |
| £1.5m | 2.4% | +69.1% | |
| £1.3m | 2.1% | +59% | |
| £1.3m | 2% | -6.6% | |
| £551k | 0.9% | — | |
| £479k | 0.8% | -6.4% |
Same subheading in other tariffs
World trade in 2024
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$122kUS$122k+US$3m+US$32m+> US$89m
Exports: 120
- Morocco: US$526m
- China: US$229m
- Thailand: US$148m
- Portugal: US$89m
- Poland: US$75m
- Indonesia: US$69m
- Latvia: US$57m
- Ecuador: US$43m
- Croatia: US$38m
- Canada: US$34m
- Spain: US$33m
- Vietnam: US$32m
- Philippines: US$21m
- South Africa: US$20m
- Russia: US$17m
- Germany: US$14m
- Netherlands: US$13m
- Malaysia: US$11m
- Costa Rica: US$10m
- France: US$8m
- United Kingdom: US$6m
- Japan: US$6m
- Estonia: US$5m
- Türkiye: US$5m
- Tunisia: US$4m
- Bulgaria: US$3m
- Uganda: US$3m
- Mauritius: US$3m
- Italy: US$3m
- India: US$3m
- Lithuania: US$3m
- Brazil: US$2m
- Greece: US$2m
- Ukraine: US$2m
- Sweden: US$2m
- Belgium: US$2m
- Slovakia: US$2m
- Denmark: US$2m
- Mexico: US$1m
- United States: US$1m
- Senegal: US$1m
- Czechia: US$1m
- Slovenia: US$1m
- Singapore: US$624k
- Belarus: US$517k
- Hong Kong SAR China: US$445k
- Peru: US$396k
- Venezuela: US$373k
- United Arab Emirates: US$342k
- Austria: US$295k
- Iceland: US$266k
- Hungary: US$239k
- Serbia: US$232k
- North Macedonia: US$180k
- Taiwan: US$166k
- Ghana: US$161k
- Moldova: US$135k
- Romania: US$122k
- Kazakhstan: US$103k
- Togo: US$90k
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$2mUS$2m+US$6m+US$15m+> US$48m
Imports: 213
- United States: US$207m
- France: US$93m
- South Africa: US$69m
- Ghana: US$63m
- United Kingdom: US$58m
- Spain: US$55m
- Nigeria: US$48m
- Germany: US$42m
- Netherlands: US$42m
- Dominican Republic: US$40m
- Mauritania: US$33m
- Australia: US$32m
- Congo - Kinshasa: US$30m
- Mexico: US$27m
- Malaysia: US$23m
- Togo: US$22m
- Gabon: US$21m
- Japan: US$20m
- Guinea: US$18m
- Congo - Brazzaville: US$15m
- Ukraine: US$15m
- Cameroon: US$15m
- Romania: US$14m
- Italy: US$14m
- Jamaica: US$14m
- Canada: US$13m
- Iraq: US$13m
- Syria: US$13m
- Guatemala: US$12m
- Côte d’Ivoire: US$12m
- Serbia: US$12m
- Sierra Leone: US$12m
- Senegal: US$12m
- Austria: US$11m
- Czechia: US$11m
- Belgium: US$10m
- Poland: US$10m
- Jordan: US$10m
- Nicaragua: US$10m
- United Arab Emirates: US$10m
- Panama: US$9m
- Botswana: US$9m
- El Salvador: US$9m
- Egypt: US$9m
- Azerbaijan: US$9m
- Mauritius: US$8m
- Colombia: US$7m
- Singapore: US$7m
- Cambodia: US$7m
- Portugal: US$7m
- Tanzania: US$6m
- Bosnia & Herzegovina: US$6m
- Lebanon: US$6m
- Honduras: US$6m
- Angola: US$6m
- Moldova: US$6m
- Israel: US$6m
- Türkiye: US$6m
- Hong Kong SAR China: US$5m
- Slovakia: US$5m
Top exporters
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | US$526m | 33.6% | |
| 2 | US$229m | 14.6% | |
| 3 | US$148m | 9.5% | |
| 4 | US$89m | 5.7% | |
| 5 | US$75m | 4.8% | |
| 6 | US$69m | 4.4% | |
| 7 | US$57m | 3.7% | |
| 8 | US$43m | 2.8% | |
| 9 | US$38m | 2.5% | |
| 10 | US$34m | 2.2% |
Top importers
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | US$207m | 13.2% | |
| 2 | US$93m | 6% | |
| 3 | US$69m | 4.4% | |
| 4 | US$63m | 4% | |
| 5 | US$58m | 3.7% | |
| 6 | US$55m | 3.5% | |
| 7 | US$48m | 3% | |
| 8 | US$42m | 2.7% | |
| 9 | US$42m | 2.7% | |
| 10 | US$40m | 2.5% |
Import duty on this product around the world 165
The most-favoured-nation (MFN) duty each country applies to goods of this HS subheading: the average over its national tariff lines, with the lowest and highest line where they differ. Goods from countries with a trade agreement often pay less.
- 13%median duty
- 30number of duty-free countries (MFN)
- 80%highest: Türkiye, Kiribati, Thailand
165
| Importing country | MFN duty | lines from – to | data year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10% | 2018 · HS 2012 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 10% | 5% – 20% | 2021 · HS 2007 | |
| 16% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 12% | 2023 | ||
| 3% | 0% – 6% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 20% | 2022 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 25% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
| 12% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2023 | |
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 10% | 2022 | ||
| 13% | 10% – 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| 10% | 2022 | ||
| 8.3% | 0% – 25% | 2023 | |
| 24% | 16% – 32% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 25% | 2023 | ||
| 7% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 4.5% | 0% – 9% | 2023 | |
| 40% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 22% | 2021 · HS 2002 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 6% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | ||
| 14% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 30% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 5% | 2019 · HS 2017 | ||
| 15% | 2022 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 8.3% | 0% – 25% | 2023 | |
| 35% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 13% | 2023 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
| 15% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| 20% | 2020 · HS 2017 | ||
| 15% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 10% | 2023 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 15% | 2023 | ||
| 55% | 2020 · HS 2017 | ||
| 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2023 | |
| 9.6% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 25% | 2023 | ||
| 75% | 2023 · HS 2002 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 12% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 2.5% | 0% – 5% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
| 8.3% | 0% – 25% | 2023 | |
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 25% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 3% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 40% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 8.3% | 0% – 25% | 2023 | |
| 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 15% | 2023 | ||
| 1.7% | 0% – 5% | 2023 | |
| 15% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 · HS 2012 | ||
| 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 16% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 15% | 2023 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 12% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 25% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2020 · HS 2017 | ||
| 20% | 2019 · HS 2017 | ||
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 25% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 8.3% | 0% – 25% | 2023 | |
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
| 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2023 | |
| 40% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 13% | 5% – 20% | 2023 · HS 2007 | |
| 0% | 2023 | ||
| 5% | 2020 · HS 2012 | ||
| 10% | 2021 · HS 2012 | ||
| 25% | 2023 | ||
| 60%* | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 11% | 2.5% – 20% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
| 80% | 2023 | ||
| 19% | 2017 · HS 2017 | ||
| 25% | 2023 | ||
| 13% | 10% – 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| 5% | 2023 | ||
| 12% | 2023 | ||
| 7.6% | 0% – 20% | 2023 | |
| 16% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 15% | 2021 · HS 2017 | ||
| 20% | 2023 | ||
| 20% | 2023 · HS 2017 | ||
| 30% | 2023 | ||
| 4% | 2021 · HS 2012 | ||
| 25% | 2017 · HS 2017 | ||
| 25% | 2023 | ||
| 0.2% | 0.1% – 0.4% | 2023 |
Tariff data years 2017–2023; rates may have changed since. * ad valorem equivalent of specific duties (UNCTAD estimate) · UNCTAD TRAINS, accessed via WITS (World Bank)
Classifications and correspondences
Where this HS subheading sits in the United Nations' statistical classifications, and which codes it had in earlier editions of the Harmonized System.
- SITC Rev. 4
- 03712 Herrings, sardines, sardinella & brislings/sprats, whole/in pieces, but not minced, prepared/preserved
- End use (BEC Rev. 5)
- Consumption goods · BEC 113201
- CPC 2.1 product
- 21241 Prepared dishes and meals based on fish, molluscs and crustaceans21242 Fish, otherwise prepared or preserved
- ISIC Rev. 4 activity
- 1075 Manufacture of prepared meals and dishes1020 Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs
Earlier HS editions
| HS | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 1604.13 | unchanged |
| 2012 | 1604.13 | unchanged |
| 2007 | 1604.13 | unchanged |
| 2002 | 1604.13 | unchanged |
| 1996 | 1604.13 | unchanged |
| 1992 | 1604.13 | unchanged |
Correspondence tables of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
Binding rulings for similar goods 1
Decisions of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CROSS) and HMRC (Advance Tariff Rulings) on goods classified here. A ruling binds only its holder, but shows how the authorities classify similar goods. The descriptions are the authorities’ own, in English.
- 600013146 HMRC
Frozen coated sprat, whitebait For human consumption. Coated raw whitebait species (Sprattus sprattus), small fish with tail . Ingredients: Whitebait (fish) 60%, wheat flour, water, salt, yeast. Packed in 20 polythene bags weighing 454 gm inside cardboard carton.
Recent rule changes mentioning this code
Acts whose text cites this code or its heading. Check the act itself: a code can be cited for reasons other than a change of its duty.
-
CELEX 22026D0498 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
In the UK Global Tariff, subheading 1604.13 covers 8 tariff lines and the duty is 12%.
The EU Combined Nomenclature divides subheading 1604.13 into 3 tariff lines; the duty is 12.5%.
Goods from 168 countries can enter the UK at a preferential rate instead of the standard 12%; 161 of them pay no duty at all, for example under DCTS Comprehensive or European Union.
In the UK, additional duty of 35% applies on top of the customs duty to goods from Belarus and Russia.
In the 12 months to August 2026, the UK imported prepared sardines and sprats worth £62.8m (up 43% on the year before), at an average of £4.11 per kg; Morocco supplied 66%, followed by Portugal.
World trade in prepared sardines and sprats reached US$2bn in 2024, up 8% on 2023.
Morocco was the largest exporter with 33.6% of the total, ahead of China.
Products classified here
Questions and answers
What is the HS code for sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats?
Sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats fall under HS subheading 1604.13, part of heading 1604, in section IV of the Harmonized System.
What is the import duty on sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats in the UK?
Under the UK Global Tariff, imports under 1604.13 from countries without a preferential agreement are charged at 12%. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
What is the import duty on sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats in the EU?
Under the EU Combined Nomenclature, imports under 1604.13 from countries without a preferential agreement are charged at 12.5%. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
Which country exports the most sardines, sardinella and brisling or sprats?
Morocco, with US$526m in 2024 (33.6% of world exports).
Which countries can export prepared sardines and sprats to the UK duty-free?
161 countries pay no duty under a trade agreement or preference scheme, among them partners under DCTS Comprehensive, European Union, DCTS Enhanced. The goods must meet the agreement’s rules of origin and the importer needs proof of origin; otherwise the standard rate of 12% applies. Pick a country above to see its rate.
Is there anti-dumping duty on prepared sardines and sprats?
The UK charges additional duty of 35% on goods from Belarus and Russia. Lower rates apply to the named exporters listed in the measure.
Where does the UK import prepared sardines and sprats from?
In the 12 months to August 2026, the largest suppliers were Morocco (66%), Portugal (20%) and China (3%), out of total imports of £62.8m.
Typical products
- brisling - canned, prepared or otherwise preserved
- sardines - canned, prepared or otherwise preserved
- sprats - canned, prepared or otherwise preserved
Everyday names, not part of the legal text.