Subheading · Chapter 29 · Heading 2909
2909.11: Acyclic ethers and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated: diethyl ether
Official description Diethyl ether
Subheading 2909.11 belongs to heading 2909 (ethers, ether-alcohols, ether-phenols, ether-alcohol-phenols, alcohol…) in chapter 29.
What you pay
Importing into UK
Rates by national line · UK Global Tariff
UK lines →- 2909 11 00 00 Diethyl ether 4%
- 2909 11 00 00 Diethyl ether 4%
Additional duties and import rules
Charges on top of the customs duty, and rules the goods must meet at the border.
Import requirements 3
- Import controlHome Office Pre-cursor chemicals
- Applies to goods from
- Afghanistan, Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada and 37 more
- Legal act
- 2004 No. 273
- Documents
- 9112
- Import controlRestriction on entry into free circulation
- Applies to goods from
- Russia, Ukraine
- Legal act
- 2022 No.998, S.I. 2022/395
- Documents
- 9015
- 9016
- 9009
- 9010
- 9017
- Import control
- Applies to goods from
- Iran
- Legal act
- 2023 No.1314
- Documents
- 9011
- 9022
Preferential rates by country
| Agreement or scheme | Countries | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| standard rate (no agreement) | — | 4% |
| DCTS Comprehensive | Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin and 38 moreAfghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo - Kinshasa, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia | Free |
| European Union (including code " EU") | Free | |
| DCTS Enhanced | Algeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville and 13 moreAlgeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville, Cook Islands, Kyrgyzstan, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Niue, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu | Free |
| CARIFORUM | Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize and 10 moreAntigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago | Free |
| OCTs (Overseas Countries and Territories) | Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands and 7 moreAnguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, St Helena, Turks & Caicos Islands | Free |
| Central America | Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama | Free |
| SADC EPA | Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia | Free |
| Eastern and Southern Africa States | Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Zimbabwe | Free |
| CPTPP | Brunei, Malaysia | Free |
| UK–Andorra agreement | Andorra | Free |
| UK–Albania agreement | Albania | Free |
| UK–Australia agreement | Australia | Free |
| UK–Canada agreement | Canada | Free |
| UK–Switzerland agreement | Switzerland | Free |
| UK–Côte d’Ivoire agreement | Côte d’Ivoire | Free |
| UK–Chile agreement | Chile | Free |
| UK–Cameroon agreement | Cameroon | Free |
| UK–Colombia agreement | Colombia | Free |
| UK–Ceuta & Melilla agreement | Ceuta & Melilla | Free |
| UK–Ecuador agreement | Ecuador | Free |
| UK–Egypt agreement | Egypt | Free |
| UK–Fiji agreement | Fiji | Free |
| UK–Faroe Islands agreement | Faroe Islands | Free |
| UK–Georgia agreement | Georgia | Free |
| UK–Ghana agreement | Ghana | Free |
| DCTS Standard | Indonesia | Free |
| UK–Israel agreement | Israel | Free |
| UK–India agreement | India | Free |
| UK–Iceland agreement | Iceland | Free |
| UK–Jordan agreement | Jordan | Free |
| UK–Japan agreement | Japan | Free |
| UK–Kenya agreement | Kenya | Free |
| UK–South Korea agreement | South Korea | Free |
| UK–Lebanon agreement | Lebanon | Free |
| UK–Liechtenstein agreement | Liechtenstein | Free |
| UK–Morocco agreement | Morocco | Free |
| UK–Moldova agreement | Moldova | Free |
| UK–North Macedonia agreement | North Macedonia | Free |
| UK–Mexico agreement | Mexico | Free |
| UK–Norway agreement | Norway | Free |
| UK–New Zealand agreement | New Zealand | Free |
| UK–Peru agreement | Peru | Free |
| UK–Papua New Guinea agreement | Papua New Guinea | Free |
| UK–Palestinian Territories agreement | Palestinian Territories | Free |
| UK–Serbia agreement | Serbia | Free |
| UK–Solomon Islands agreement | Solomon Islands | Free |
| UK–Singapore agreement | Singapore | Free |
| UK–San Marino agreement | San Marino | Free |
| UK–Tunisia agreement | Tunisia | Free |
| UK–Türkiye agreement | Türkiye | Free |
| UK–Ukraine agreement | Ukraine | Free |
| UK–Vietnam agreement | Vietnam | Free |
| UK–Samoa agreement | Samoa | Free |
| UK–Kosovo agreement | Kosovo | Free |
| UK–South Africa agreement | South Africa | Free |
UK: imports by month
Main suppliers, last 12 months
| Country | Value | Share | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
 Germany | £323k | 75.6% | -17.2% |
 Israel | £45k | 10.5% | +1,709.6% |
 Japan | £23k | 5.3% | +2,003.2% |
 India | £13k | 3.2% | -45.4% |
 Poland | £8k | 1.8% | — |
 Mexico | £6k | 1.5% | +150.9% |
 France | £6k | 1.4% | -85.8% |
 United States | £3k | 0.8% | -57.9% |
Same subheading in other tariffs
EU 5.5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Türkiye 5.5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line USA 1% General (MFN) 1 tariff line 
Canada Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line Mexico Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Brazil Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Argentina Free Third-country duty 2 tariff lines 
Peru Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
New Zealand Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line Japan 3.1% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Taiwan 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
GCC 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Switzerland Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Norway Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
North Macedonia 3% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Nigeria 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line World trade in 2024
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$37kUS$37k+US$387k+US$3m+> US$8m
Exports: 53
- Germany: US$10m
- India: US$8m
- Mexico: US$4m
- China: US$3m
- United States: US$3m
- Czechia: US$3m
- Belgium: US$3m
- Italy: US$938k
- France: US$591k
- Japan: US$517k
- United Kingdom: US$497k
- Spain: US$387k
- Bahamas: US$356k
- Israel: US$220k
- Poland: US$194k
- South Korea: US$179k
- Thailand: US$151k
- Netherlands: US$120k
- Austria: US$90k
- Switzerland: US$63k
- Argentina: US$50k
- Sweden: US$40k
- Malaysia: US$38k
- Türkiye: US$37k
- Russia: US$36k
- Brazil: US$34k
- Slovenia: US$20k
- Saudi Arabia: US$19k
- Singapore: US$18k
- Australia: US$17k
- Guatemala: US$13k
- Hungary: US$13k
- Latvia: US$7k
- Portugal: US$6k
- South Africa: US$5k
- Slovakia: US$4k
- Croatia: US$4k
- Denmark: US$3k
- Kazakhstan: US$3k
- Ireland: US$2k
- Canada: US$1k
- New Zealand: US$1k
- Greece: US$1k
- Lithuania: US$600
- Kenya: US$400
- Norway: US$100
- Romania: US$100
- Serbia: US$100
- United Arab Emirates: US$0
- Bulgaria: US$0
- Finland: US$0
- Kuwait: US$0
- Luxembourg: US$0
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$18kUS$18k+US$125k+US$702k+> US$2m
Imports: 143
- United States: US$7m
- Canada: US$3m
- Spain: US$3m
- Belgium: US$3m
- Switzerland: US$2m
- South Korea: US$2m
- Germany: US$2m
- Bulgaria: US$1m
- France: US$1m
- Morocco: US$1m
- Italy: US$1m
- Sweden: US$1m
- Netherlands: US$857k
- Poland: US$703k
- South Africa: US$677k
- United Kingdom: US$608k
- Hungary: US$577k
- Türkiye: US$516k
- Thailand: US$480k
- India: US$477k
- Czechia: US$323k
- Ukraine: US$313k
- Australia: US$302k
- Indonesia: US$262k
- Austria: US$212k
- Denmark: US$210k
- Malaysia: US$207k
- Taiwan: US$187k
- Egypt: US$165k
- Slovenia: US$165k
- Vietnam: US$164k
- Israel: US$145k
- Djibouti: US$142k
- Côte d’Ivoire: US$142k
- Brazil: US$125k
- Dominican Republic: US$111k
- Singapore: US$101k
- Portugal: US$94k
- Uruguay: US$80k
- Chile: US$80k
- Slovakia: US$80k
- Greece: US$79k
- New Zealand: US$74k
- Costa Rica: US$71k
- Estonia: US$70k
- United Arab Emirates: US$69k
- Peru: US$69k
- Tunisia: US$63k
- Philippines: US$57k
- Panama: US$57k
- Iran: US$55k
- Ireland: US$52k
- Finland: US$50k
- Norway: US$49k
- Romania: US$47k
- Venezuela: US$45k
- Lithuania: US$43k
- Serbia: US$41k
- Paraguay: US$40k
- Colombia: US$39k
Top exporters
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | US$10m | 25.1% |
| 2 | India | US$8m | 20.8% |
| 3 | Mexico | US$4m | 10.1% |
| 4 |  China | US$3m | 9.1% |
| 5 | United States | US$3m | 8.2% |
| 6 |  Czechia | US$3m | 7.8% |
| 7 |  Belgium | US$3m | 6.7% |
| 8 |  Italy | US$938k | 2.4% |
| 9 | France | US$591k | 1.5% |
| 10 | Japan | US$517k | 1.3% |
Top importers
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | US$7m | 19.2% |
| 2 | Canada | US$3m | 8.3% |
| 3 |  Spain | US$3m | 8% |
| 4 | Belgium | US$3m | 7.4% |
| 5 | Switzerland | US$2m | 4.8% |
| 6 |  South Korea | US$2m | 4.6% |
| 7 | Germany | US$2m | 4.4% |
| 8 |  Bulgaria | US$1m | 3.7% |
| 9 | France | US$1m | 3.4% |
| 10 |  Morocco | US$1m | 3.4% |
Import duty on this product around the world 164
The most-favoured-nation (MFN) duty each country applies to goods of this HS subheading: the average over its national tariff lines, with the lowest and highest line where they differ. Goods from countries with a trade agreement often pay less.
- 5%median duty
- 58number of duty-free countries (MFN)
- 45%highest: Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands
164
| Importing country | MFN duty | lines from – to | data year |
|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan | 5% | 2018 · HS 2012 | |
 Albania | 0% | 2023 | |
 Algeria | 15% | 2023 | |
 Angola | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Anguilla | 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Antigua & Barbuda | 5% | 2021 · HS 2007 | |
| Argentina | 12% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Armenia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Aruba | 6% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Australia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Azerbaijan | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Bahamas | 45% | 2022 | |
 Bahrain | 5% | 2023 | |
 Bangladesh | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Barbados | 5% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Belarus | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Belize | 5% | 2023 | |
 Benin | 5% | 2023 | |
 Bermuda | 25% | 2023 | |
 Bhutan | 10% | 2022 | |
 Bolivia | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Bosnia & Herzegovina | 0% | 2022 | |
 Botswana | 0% | 2023 | |
| Brazil | 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Brunei | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Burkina Faso | 5% | 2023 | |
 Burundi | 0% | 2023 | |
 Cambodia | 7% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cameroon | 10% | 2023 | |
| Canada | 0% | 2023 | |
 Cape Verde | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cayman Islands | 22% | 2021 · HS 2002 | |
 Central African Republic | 10% | 2023 | |
 Chad | 10% | 2023 | |
 Chile | 6% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| China | 5.5% | 2023 | |
 Colombia | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Comoros | 20% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Congo - Brazzaville | 10% | 2023 | |
 Cook Islands | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Costa Rica | 0% | 2023 | |
 Côte d’Ivoire | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cuba | 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Dominica | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Dominican Republic | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ecuador | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Egypt | 2% | 2019 · HS 2017 | |
 El Salvador | 0% | 2022 | |
 Equatorial Guinea | 10% | 2023 | |
 Eswatini | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ethiopia | 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
| European Union (27 countries) | 5.5% | 2023 | |
 Fiji | 5% | 2023 | |
 French Polynesia | 8% | 2023 | |
 Gabon | 10% | 2023 | |
 Gambia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Georgia | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Ghana | 5% | 2023 | |
 Gibraltar | 12% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Grenada | 5% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 Guatemala | 0% | 2023 | |
 Guinea | 5% | 2023 | |
 Guinea-Bissau | 5% | 2023 | |
 Guyana | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Haiti | 0% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Honduras | 0% | 2023 | |
 Hong Kong SAR China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Iceland | 0% | 2023 | |
| India | 7.5% | 2023 | |
 Indonesia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Iran | 5% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
| Israel | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Jamaica | 0% | 2023 | |
| Japan | 3.1% | 2023 | |
 Jordan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kazakhstan | 5% | 2023 | |
 Kenya | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kiribati | 0% | 2023 · HS 2002 | |
 Kuwait | 5% | 2023 | |
 Kyrgyzstan | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Laos | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Lebanon | 0% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Lesotho | 0% | 2023 | |
 Liberia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Libya | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Liechtenstein | 1.5%* | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Macao SAR China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Madagascar | 5% | 2023 | |
 Malawi | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Malaysia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Maldives | 15% | 2023 | |
 Mali | 5% | 2023 | |
 Mauritania | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Mauritius | 0% | 2023 | |
| Mexico | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Micronesia | 4% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Moldova | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Mongolia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Montserrat | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| Morocco | 2.5% | 2023 | |
 Mozambique | 2.5% | 2023 | |
 Myanmar (Burma) | 3% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Namibia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Nauru | 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Nepal | 10% | 2023 | |
| New Zealand | 0% | 2023 | |
 Nicaragua | 0% | 2023 | |
 Niger | 5% | 2023 | |
| Nigeria | 5% | 2023 | |
| North Macedonia | 3% | 2023 | |
| Norway | 0% | 2023 | |
 Oman | 5% | 2023 | |
 Pakistan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Palau | 3% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 Palestinian Territories | 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Panama | 0% | 2023 | |
 Papua New Guinea | 0% | 2023 | |
 Paraguay | 12% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| Peru | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Philippines | 3% | 2023 | |
 Qatar | 5% | 2023 | |
 Russia | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Rwanda | 0% | 2023 | |
 Samoa | 8% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 São Tomé & Príncipe | 10% | 2019 · HS 2017 | |
 Saudi Arabia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Senegal | 5% | 2023 | |
 Seychelles | 0% | 2023 | |
 Sierra Leone | 5% | 2023 | |
 Singapore | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Solomon Islands | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Somalia | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 South Africa | 0% | 2023 | |
| South Korea | 5.5% | 2023 | |
 Sri Lanka | 0% | 2023 | |
 St Kitts & Nevis | 5% | 2023 | |
 St Lucia | 5% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 St Pierre & Miquelon | 8% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 St Vincent & the Grenadines | 5% | 2023 | |
 Suriname | 5% | 2023 · HS 2007 | |
| Switzerland | 1.2%* | 2023 | |
 Syria | 1% | 2020 · HS 2012 | |
 Tajikistan | 5.5% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Tanzania | 0% | 2023 | |
 Thailand | 0% | 2023 | |
 Togo | 5% | 2023 | |
 Tonga | 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Trinidad & Tobago | 0% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
| Türkiye | 5.5% | 2023 | |
 Tuvalu | 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Uganda | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ukraine | 5.5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 United Arab Emirates | 5% | 2023 | |
| United Kingdom | 4% | 2023 | |
| United States | 1% | 2023 | |
 Uruguay | 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Uzbekistan | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Vanuatu | 5% | 2023 | |
 Venezuela | 12% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Vietnam | 0% | 2023 | |
 Wallis & Futuna | 6% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Yemen | 5% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Zambia | 7.5% | 0% – 15% | 2023 |
 Zimbabwe | 0.1% | 2023 |
Tariff data years 2017–2023; rates may have changed since. * ad valorem equivalent of specific duties (UNCTAD estimate) · UNCTAD TRAINS, accessed via WITS (World Bank)
Classifications and correspondences
Where this HS subheading sits in the United Nations' statistical classifications, and which codes it had in earlier editions of the Harmonized System.
- SITC Rev. 4
- 51616 Acyclic, cyclanic, cyclenic, cycloterpenic & aromatic ethers; their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated/nitrosated derivatives
- End use (BEC Rev. 5)
- Intermediate goods · BEC 211220
- CPC 2.1 product
- 34170 Ethers, alcohol peroxides, ether peroxides, epoxides, acetals and hemiacetals, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives; aldehyde-function compounds; ketone-function compounds and quinone-function compounds; enzymes; prepared enzymes n.e.c.; organic compounds n.e.c.
- ISIC Rev. 4 activity
- 2011 Manufacture of basic chemicals
Earlier HS editions
| HS | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 2909.11 | unchanged |
| 2012 | 2909.11 | unchanged |
| 2007 | 2909.11 | unchanged |
| 2002 | 2909.11 | unchanged |
| 1996 | 2909.11 | unchanged |
| 1992 | 2909.11 | unchanged |
Correspondence tables of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
Recent rule changes mentioning this code
Acts whose text cites this code or its heading. Check the act itself: a code can be cited for reasons other than a change of its duty.
- Countervailing duty
FR Doc. 2026-21767 · 91 FR 67290 · Source: federalregister.gov
- Anti-dumping
FR Doc. 2026-20286 · 91 FR 63307 · Source: federalregister.gov
- Tariff change
UK Trade Tariff: measure changes on 1015 commodity codes
Trade Tariff changes 2026-09-29 · Source: trade-tariff.service.gov.uk
- Import and export controls
FR Doc. 2026-14542 · 91 FR 45516 · Source: federalregister.gov
- Sanctions · Applies from:
The Russia (Sanctions) (EU Exit) (Amendment) Regulations 2026
S.I. 2026/543 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
The UK Global Tariff has one tariff line for subheading 2909.11; the duty is 4%.
Subheading 2909.11 is a single line in the EU Combined Nomenclature, where the duty is 5.5%.
174 countries pay no duty in the UK thanks to trade agreements and preference schemes such as DCTS Comprehensive and European Union, against a standard rate of 4%.
Imports of these goods into the UK came to £428.1k between September 2025 and August 2026 (down 9% on the year before); Germany supplied 76%, followed by Israel.
In 2024, countries exported these goods worth US$38m (+10.4% year on year).
The largest exporter was Germany (US$10m), followed by India.
Questions and answers
What is the HS code for acyclic ethers and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated: diethyl ether?
Acyclic ethers and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated: diethyl ether fall under HS subheading 2909.11, part of heading 2909, in section VI of the Harmonized System.
What is the import duty on acyclic ethers and their halogenated… in the UK?
Under the UK Global Tariff, imports under 2909.11 from countries without a preferential agreement are charged at 4%. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
What is the import duty on acyclic ethers and their halogenated… in the EU?
Under the EU Combined Nomenclature, imports under 2909.11 from countries without a preferential agreement are charged at 5.5%. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
Which country exports the most acyclic ethers and their halogenated…?
Germany, with US$10m in 2024 (25.1% of world exports).
Which countries can export these goods to the UK duty-free?
174 countries pay no duty under a trade agreement or preference scheme, among them partners under DCTS Comprehensive, European Union, DCTS Enhanced. The goods must meet the agreement’s rules of origin and the importer needs proof of origin; otherwise the standard rate of 4% applies. Pick a country above to see its rate.
Where does the UK import these goods from?
In the 12 months to August 2026, the largest suppliers were Germany (76%), Israel (11%) and Japan (5%), out of total imports of £428.1k.