Subheading · Chapter 29 · Heading 2912
2912.60: Aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen function: paraformaldehyde
Official description Paraformaldehyde
Subheading 2912.60 belongs to heading 2912 (aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen function; cyclic polymers of…) in chapter 29.
What you pay
Importing into UK
Rates by national line · UK Global Tariff
UK lines →- 2912 60 00 00 Paraformaldehyde 4%
- 2912 60 00 00 Paraformaldehyde 4%
Additional duties and import rules
Charges on top of the customs duty, and rules the goods must meet at the border.
Additional duties and charges 2
- Additional dutyAdditional duties 35%
- Applies to goods from
- Belarus, Russia
- Legal act
- 2022 No. 833
- Documents
- 9018
- Duty suspensionSuspension - goods for certain categories of ships, boats and other vessels and for drilling or production platforms Free
- Applies to goods from
- all countries
- Legal act
- 2020 No. 1431
- Documents
- C990 End use authorisation ships and platforms (Column 8c, Annex A of Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446)
Import requirements 1
- Import controlRestriction on entry into free circulation
- Applies to goods from
- Ukraine
- Legal act
- S.I. 2022/395
- Documents
- 9009
- 9010
- 9017
Preferential rates by country
| Agreement or scheme | Countries | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| standard rate (no agreement) | — | 4% |
| DCTS Comprehensive | Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin and 38 moreAfghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo - Kinshasa, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia | Free |
| European Union (including code " EU") | Free | |
| DCTS Enhanced | Algeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville and 13 moreAlgeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville, Cook Islands, Kyrgyzstan, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Niue, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu | Free |
| CARIFORUM | Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize and 10 moreAntigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago | Free |
| OCTs (Overseas Countries and Territories) | Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands and 7 moreAnguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, St Helena, Turks & Caicos Islands | Free |
| Central America | Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama | Free |
| SADC EPA | Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia | Free |
| Eastern and Southern Africa States | Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Zimbabwe | Free |
| CPTPP | Brunei, Malaysia | Free |
| UK–Andorra agreement | Andorra | Free |
| UK–Albania agreement | Albania | Free |
| UK–Australia agreement | Australia | Free |
| UK–Canada agreement | Canada | Free |
| UK–Switzerland agreement | Switzerland | Free |
| UK–Côte d’Ivoire agreement | Côte d’Ivoire | Free |
| UK–Chile agreement | Chile | Free |
| UK–Cameroon agreement | Cameroon | Free |
| UK–Colombia agreement | Colombia | Free |
| UK–Ceuta & Melilla agreement | Ceuta & Melilla | Free |
| UK–Ecuador agreement | Ecuador | Free |
| UK–Egypt agreement | Egypt | Free |
| UK–Fiji agreement | Fiji | Free |
| UK–Faroe Islands agreement | Faroe Islands | Free |
| UK–Georgia agreement | Georgia | Free |
| UK–Ghana agreement | Ghana | Free |
| DCTS Standard | Indonesia | Free |
| UK–Israel agreement | Israel | Free |
| UK–India agreement | India | Free |
| UK–Iceland agreement | Iceland | Free |
| UK–Jordan agreement | Jordan | Free |
| UK–Japan agreement | Japan | Free |
| UK–Kenya agreement | Kenya | Free |
| UK–South Korea agreement | South Korea | Free |
| UK–Lebanon agreement | Lebanon | Free |
| UK–Liechtenstein agreement | Liechtenstein | Free |
| UK–Morocco agreement | Morocco | Free |
| UK–Moldova agreement | Moldova | Free |
| UK–North Macedonia agreement | North Macedonia | Free |
| UK–Mexico agreement | Mexico | Free |
| UK–Norway agreement | Norway | Free |
| UK–New Zealand agreement | New Zealand | Free |
| UK–Peru agreement | Peru | Free |
| UK–Papua New Guinea agreement | Papua New Guinea | Free |
| UK–Palestinian Territories agreement | Palestinian Territories | Free |
| UK–Serbia agreement | Serbia | Free |
| UK–Solomon Islands agreement | Solomon Islands | Free |
| UK–Singapore agreement | Singapore | Free |
| UK–San Marino agreement | San Marino | Free |
| UK–Tunisia agreement | Tunisia | Free |
| UK–Türkiye agreement | Türkiye | Free |
| UK–Ukraine agreement | Ukraine | Free |
| UK–Vietnam agreement | Vietnam | Free |
| UK–Samoa agreement | Samoa | Free |
| UK–Kosovo agreement | Kosovo | Free |
| UK–South Africa agreement | South Africa | Free |
UK: imports by month
Main suppliers, last 12 months
| Country | Value | Share | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
 Germany | £416k | 92.7% | +12.6% |
 Spain | £14k | 3.1% | -58.6% |
 United States | £11k | 2.4% | -8.9% |
 China | £4k | 0.9% | +33.2% |
 France | £4k | 0.9% | -75% |
 India | £0 | 0% | -100% |
Same subheading in other tariffs
EU 5.5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Türkiye 5.5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line USA 5.1% General (MFN) 1 tariff line 
Canada Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Mexico Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Brazil Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Argentina Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Peru Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
New Zealand Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Japan 3.1% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Taiwan 2.5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
GCC 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Switzerland Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Norway Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
North Macedonia 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Nigeria 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line World trade in 2024
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$82kUS$82k+US$1m+US$9m+> US$43m
Exports: 55
- Spain: US$50m
- China: US$43m
- Taiwan: US$25m
- Germany: US$16m
- Indonesia: US$9m
- United States: US$6m
- India: US$4m
- Saudi Arabia: US$4m
- United Kingdom: US$4m
- United Arab Emirates: US$2m
- Russia: US$2m
- Singapore: US$1m
- Italy: US$1m
- Poland: US$480k
- Netherlands: US$420k
- Sweden: US$362k
- Mexico: US$240k
- Iran: US$233k
- South Africa: US$215k
- Hong Kong SAR China: US$206k
- Belgium: US$185k
- Kenya: US$167k
- Malaysia: US$163k
- France: US$110k
- South Korea: US$82k
- Canada: US$66k
- Israel: US$55k
- Bangladesh: US$53k
- Thailand: US$51k
- Türkiye: US$48k
- Brazil: US$41k
- Australia: US$37k
- Austria: US$34k
- Japan: US$20k
- Vietnam: US$15k
- Switzerland: US$12k
- Argentina: US$10k
- New Zealand: US$9k
- Croatia: US$6k
- Hungary: US$4k
- Jordan: US$4k
- Senegal: US$3k
- Czechia: US$800
- Pakistan: US$600
- Romania: US$200
- Denmark: US$100
- Greece: US$100
- Nigeria: US$100
- Slovenia: US$100
- Bulgaria: US$0
- Ireland: US$0
- Luxembourg: US$0
- Latvia: US$0
- Portugal: US$0
- Slovakia: US$0
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$192kUS$192k+US$1m+US$5m+> US$11m
Imports: 122
- South Korea: US$21m
- India: US$16m
- Japan: US$14m
- United States: US$11m
- China: US$8m
- Uganda: US$7m
- Brazil: US$6m
- Nigeria: US$6m
- Kenya: US$6m
- Germany: US$5m
- Bangladesh: US$5m
- Thailand: US$5m
- Tanzania: US$4m
- Djibouti: US$4m
- Myanmar (Burma): US$3m
- Peru: US$3m
- Belgium: US$3m
- South Africa: US$2m
- France: US$2m
- Mexico: US$2m
- Switzerland: US$2m
- Italy: US$2m
- Canada: US$2m
- Ireland: US$2m
- Cambodia: US$2m
- Hungary: US$1m
- Türkiye: US$1m
- Saudi Arabia: US$1m
- Portugal: US$1m
- Malaysia: US$1m
- Colombia: US$1m
- Taiwan: US$1m
- Angola: US$1m
- Ukraine: US$991k
- Singapore: US$978k
- Romania: US$976k
- Indonesia: US$966k
- Slovakia: US$925k
- Cameroon: US$838k
- Malawi: US$785k
- United Kingdom: US$766k
- Austria: US$677k
- Argentina: US$665k
- Pakistan: US$632k
- Tunisia: US$628k
- United Arab Emirates: US$569k
- Belarus: US$436k
- Denmark: US$418k
- Kuwait: US$404k
- Spain: US$362k
- Poland: US$354k
- Slovenia: US$306k
- Israel: US$296k
- Greece: US$237k
- Finland: US$222k
- Bolivia: US$220k
- Vietnam: US$210k
- Egypt: US$192k
- Netherlands: US$186k
- Philippines: US$184k
Top exporters
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Spain | US$50m | 29.1% |
| 2 | China | US$43m | 25.3% |
| 3 | Taiwan | US$25m | 14.7% |
| 4 | Germany | US$16m | 9.5% |
| 5 |  Indonesia | US$9m | 5.5% |
| 6 | United States | US$6m | 3.4% |
| 7 | India | US$4m | 2.3% |
| 8 |  Saudi Arabia | US$4m | 2.1% |
| 9 | United Kingdom | US$4m | 2.1% |
| 10 |  United Arab Emirates | US$2m | 1.4% |
Top importers
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  South Korea | US$21m | 12.2% |
| 2 | India | US$16m | 9.4% |
| 3 | Japan | US$14m | 8.1% |
| 4 | United States | US$11m | 6.6% |
| 5 | China | US$8m | 4.9% |
| 6 |  Uganda | US$7m | 3.8% |
| 7 | Brazil | US$6m | 3.8% |
| 8 | Nigeria | US$6m | 3.6% |
| 9 |  Kenya | US$6m | 3.3% |
| 10 | Germany | US$5m | 3.1% |
Import duty on this product around the world 165
The most-favoured-nation (MFN) duty each country applies to goods of this HS subheading: the average over its national tariff lines, with the lowest and highest line where they differ. Goods from countries with a trade agreement often pay less.
- 5%median duty
- 57number of duty-free countries (MFN)
- 45%highest: Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Islands
165
| Importing country | MFN duty | lines from – to | data year |
|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan | 5% | 2018 · HS 2012 | |
 Albania | 0% | 2023 | |
 Algeria | 15% | 2023 | |
 Angola | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Anguilla | 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Antigua & Barbuda | 5% | 2021 · HS 2007 | |
| Argentina | 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Armenia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Aruba | 6% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Australia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Azerbaijan | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Bahamas | 45% | 2022 | |
 Bahrain | 5% | 2023 | |
 Bangladesh | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Barbados | 5% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Belarus | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Belize | 5% | 2023 | |
 Benin | 5% | 2023 | |
 Bermuda | 25% | 2023 | |
 Bhutan | 10% | 2022 | |
 Bolivia | 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Bosnia & Herzegovina | 0% | 2022 | |
 Botswana | 0% | 2023 | |
| Brazil | 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Brunei | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Burkina Faso | 5% | 2023 | |
 Burundi | 0% | 2023 | |
 Cambodia | 7% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cameroon | 10% | 2023 | |
| Canada | 0% | 2023 | |
 Cape Verde | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cayman Islands | 22% | 2021 · HS 2002 | |
 Central African Republic | 10% | 2023 | |
 Chad | 10% | 2023 | |
 Chile | 6% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| China | 5.5% | 2023 | |
 Colombia | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Comoros | 20% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Congo - Brazzaville | 10% | 2023 | |
 Cook Islands | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Costa Rica | 0% | 2023 | |
 Côte d’Ivoire | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cuba | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Dominica | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Dominican Republic | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ecuador | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Egypt | 5% | 2019 · HS 2017 | |
 El Salvador | 0% | 2022 | |
 Equatorial Guinea | 10% | 2023 | |
 Eswatini | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ethiopia | 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
| European Union (27 countries) | 5.5% | 2023 | |
 Fiji | 5% | 2023 | |
 French Polynesia | 8% | 2023 | |
 Gabon | 10% | 2023 | |
 Gambia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Georgia | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Ghana | 5% | 2023 | |
 Gibraltar | 12% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Grenada | 5% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 Guatemala | 0% | 2023 | |
 Guinea | 5% | 2023 | |
 Guinea-Bissau | 5% | 2023 | |
 Guyana | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Haiti | 0% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Honduras | 0% | 2023 | |
 Hong Kong SAR China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Iceland | 0% | 2023 | |
| India | 7.5% | 2023 | |
| Indonesia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Iran | 5% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Israel | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Jamaica | 0% | 2023 | |
| Japan | 3.1% | 2023 | |
 Jordan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kazakhstan | 5% | 2023 | |
| Kenya | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kiribati | 0% | 2023 · HS 2002 | |
 Kuwait | 5% | 2023 | |
 Kyrgyzstan | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Laos | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Lebanon | 0% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Lesotho | 0% | 2023 | |
 Liberia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Libya | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Liechtenstein | 2%* | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Macao SAR China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Madagascar | 5% | 2023 | |
 Malawi | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Malaysia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Maldives | 15% | 2023 | |
 Mali | 5% | 2023 | |
 Mauritania | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Mauritius | 0% | 2023 | |
| Mexico | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Micronesia | 4% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Moldova | 5.5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Mongolia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Montserrat | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Morocco | 2.5% | 2023 | |
 Mozambique | 2.5% | 2023 | |
 Myanmar (Burma) | 3% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Namibia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Nauru | 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Nepal | 10% | 2023 | |
| New Zealand | 0% | 2023 | |
 Nicaragua | 0% | 2023 | |
 Niger | 5% | 2023 | |
| Nigeria | 5% | 2023 | |
| North Macedonia | 5% | 2023 | |
| Norway | 0% | 2023 | |
 Oman | 5% | 2023 | |
 Pakistan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Palau | 3% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 Palestinian Territories | 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Panama | 0% | 2023 | |
 Papua New Guinea | 0% | 2023 | |
 Paraguay | 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| Peru | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Philippines | 1% | 2023 | |
 Qatar | 5% | 2023 | |
 Russia | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Rwanda | 0% | 2023 | |
 Samoa | 8% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 São Tomé & Príncipe | 5% | 2019 · HS 2017 | |
| Saudi Arabia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Senegal | 5% | 2023 | |
 Seychelles | 0% | 2023 | |
 Sierra Leone | 5% | 2023 | |
 Singapore | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Solomon Islands | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Somalia | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 South Africa | 0% | 2023 | |
| South Korea | 5.5% | 2023 | |
 Sri Lanka | 0% | 2023 | |
 St Kitts & Nevis | 5% | 2023 | |
 St Lucia | 5% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 St Pierre & Miquelon | 8% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 St Vincent & the Grenadines | 5% | 2023 | |
 Sudan | 3% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Suriname | 5% | 2023 · HS 2007 | |
| Switzerland | 1.6%* | 2023 | |
 Syria | 1% | 2020 · HS 2012 | |
 Tajikistan | 5.5% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Tanzania | 0% | 2023 | |
 Thailand | 0% | 2023 | |
 Togo | 5% | 2023 | |
 Tonga | 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Trinidad & Tobago | 0% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
| Türkiye | 5.5% | 2023 | |
 Tuvalu | 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
| Uganda | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ukraine | 5.5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| United Arab Emirates | 5% | 2023 | |
| United Kingdom | 4% | 2023 | |
| United States | 5.1% | 2023 | |
 Uruguay | 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Uzbekistan | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Vanuatu | 5% | 2023 | |
 Venezuela | 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Vietnam | 0% | 2023 | |
 Wallis & Futuna | 6% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Yemen | 5% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Zambia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Zimbabwe | 0.1% | 2023 |
Tariff data years 2017–2023; rates may have changed since. * ad valorem equivalent of specific duties (UNCTAD estimate) · UNCTAD TRAINS, accessed via WITS (World Bank)
Classifications and correspondences
Where this HS subheading sits in the United Nations' statistical classifications, and which codes it had in earlier editions of the Harmonized System.
- SITC Rev. 4
- 51622 Other aldehydes, whether/not with other oxygen function; cyclic polymers of aldehydes; paraformaldehyde
- End use (BEC Rev. 5)
- Intermediate goods · BEC 211220
- CPC 2.1 product
- 34170 Ethers, alcohol peroxides, ether peroxides, epoxides, acetals and hemiacetals, and their halogenated, sulphonated, nitrated or nitrosated derivatives; aldehyde-function compounds; ketone-function compounds and quinone-function compounds; enzymes; prepared enzymes n.e.c.; organic compounds n.e.c.
- ISIC Rev. 4 activity
- 2011 Manufacture of basic chemicals
Earlier HS editions
| HS | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 2912.60 | unchanged |
| 2012 | 2912.60 | unchanged |
| 2007 | 2912.60 | unchanged |
| 2002 | 2912.60 | unchanged |
| 1996 | 2912.60 | unchanged |
| 1992 | 2912.60 | unchanged |
Correspondence tables of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
Recent rule changes mentioning this code
Acts whose text cites this code or its heading. Check the act itself: a code can be cited for reasons other than a change of its duty.
- Import and export controls
FR Doc. 2026-14542 · 91 FR 45516 · Source: federalregister.gov
- Tariff change · Applies from:
CELEX 32026R1395 · Source: eur-lex.europa.eu
- Sanctions · Applies from:
The Russia (Sanctions) (EU Exit) (Amendment) Regulations 2026
S.I. 2026/543 · Source: legislation.gov.uk
The UK Global Tariff has one tariff line for subheading 2912.60; the duty is 4%.
Subheading 2912.60 is a single line in the EU Combined Nomenclature, where the duty is 5.5%.
174 countries pay no duty in the UK thanks to trade agreements and preference schemes such as DCTS Comprehensive and European Union, against a standard rate of 4%.
In the UK, additional duty of 35% applies on top of the customs duty to goods from Belarus and Russia.
Imports of these goods into the UK came to £448.6k between September 2025 and August 2026 (up 3% on the year before); Germany supplied 93%, followed by Spain.
In 2024, countries exported these goods worth US$171m (−7.3% year on year).
The largest exporter was Spain (US$50m), followed by China.
Questions and answers
What is the HS code for aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen function: paraformaldehyde?
Aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen function: paraformaldehyde fall under HS subheading 2912.60, part of heading 2912, in section VI of the Harmonized System.
What is the import duty on aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen… in the UK?
Under the UK Global Tariff, imports under 2912.60 from countries without a preferential agreement are charged at 4%. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
What is the import duty on aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen… in the EU?
Under the EU Combined Nomenclature, imports under 2912.60 from countries without a preferential agreement are charged at 5.5%. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
Which country exports the most aldehydes, whether or not with other oxygen…?
Spain, with US$50m in 2024 (29.1% of world exports).
Which countries can export these goods to the UK duty-free?
174 countries pay no duty under a trade agreement or preference scheme, among them partners under DCTS Comprehensive, European Union, DCTS Enhanced. The goods must meet the agreement’s rules of origin and the importer needs proof of origin; otherwise the standard rate of 4% applies. Pick a country above to see its rate.
Is there anti-dumping duty on these goods?
The UK charges additional duty of 35% on goods from Belarus and Russia. Lower rates apply to the named exporters listed in the measure.
Where does the UK import these goods from?
In the 12 months to August 2026, the largest suppliers were Germany (93%), Spain (3%) and United States (2%), out of total imports of £448.6k.