Subheading · Chapter 90 · Heading 9011
9011.80: Compound optical microscopes, including those: other microscopes
Other compound microscopes
Official description Other microscopes
9011.80 is the HS subheading for other compound microscopes, under heading 9011 in chapter 90.
What you pay
Importing into UK
Rates by national line · UK Global Tariff
UK lines →- 9011 80 00 00 Other microscopes Freep/st
Additional duties and import rules
Charges on top of the customs duty, and rules the goods must meet at the border.
Additional duties and charges 1
- Additional dutyAdditional duties 35%
- Applies to goods from
- Belarus, Russia
- Legal act
- 2022 No. 598
- Documents
- 9014
Import requirements 3
- Prohibition or restrictionImport prohibition
- Applies to goods from
- North Korea
- Legal act
- S.I. 2019/411
- Import controlRestriction on entry into free circulation
- Applies to goods from
- Iraq, Syria, Ukraine
- Legal act
- S.I. 2020/707, S.I. 2019/792, S.I. 2022/395
- Documents
- 9009
- 9010
- 9017
- Import controlImport control on restricted goods and technologies
- Applies to goods from
- Iran, Libya, Russia
- Legal act
- S.I. 2019/461, 2020 No. 1665, S.I. 2019/855
Preferential rates by country
| Agreement or scheme | Countries | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| standard rate (no agreement) | — | Free |
| DCTS Comprehensive | Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin and 38 moreAfghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo - Kinshasa, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia | Free |
| European Union (including code " EU") | Free | |
| DCTS Enhanced | Algeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville and 13 moreAlgeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville, Cook Islands, Kyrgyzstan, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Niue, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu | Free |
| CARIFORUM | Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize and 10 moreAntigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago | Free |
| OCTs (Overseas Countries and Territories) | Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands and 7 moreAnguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, St Helena, Turks & Caicos Islands | Free |
| Central America | Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama | Free |
| SADC EPA | Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia | Free |
| Eastern and Southern Africa States | Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Zimbabwe | Free |
| CPTPP | Brunei, Malaysia | Free |
| UK–Andorra agreement | Andorra | Free |
| UK–Albania agreement | Albania | Free |
| UK–Australia agreement | Australia | Free |
| UK–Canada agreement | Canada | Free |
| UK–Switzerland agreement | Switzerland | Free |
| UK–Côte d’Ivoire agreement | Côte d’Ivoire | Free |
| UK–Chile agreement | Chile | Free |
| UK–Cameroon agreement | Cameroon | Free |
| UK–Colombia agreement | Colombia | Free |
| UK–Ceuta & Melilla agreement | Ceuta & Melilla | Free |
| UK–Ecuador agreement | Ecuador | Free |
| UK–Egypt agreement | Egypt | Free |
| UK–Fiji agreement | Fiji | Free |
| UK–Faroe Islands agreement | Faroe Islands | Free |
| UK–Georgia agreement | Georgia | Free |
| UK–Ghana agreement | Ghana | Free |
| DCTS Standard | Indonesia | Free |
| UK–Israel agreement | Israel | Free |
| UK–India agreement | India | Free |
| UK–Iceland agreement | Iceland | Free |
| UK–Jordan agreement | Jordan | Free |
| UK–Japan agreement | Japan | Free |
| UK–Kenya agreement | Kenya | Free |
| UK–South Korea agreement | South Korea | Free |
| UK–Lebanon agreement | Lebanon | Free |
| UK–Liechtenstein agreement | Liechtenstein | Free |
| UK–Morocco agreement | Morocco | Free |
| UK–Moldova agreement | Moldova | Free |
| UK–North Macedonia agreement | North Macedonia | Free |
| UK–Mexico agreement | Mexico | Free |
| UK–Norway agreement | Norway | Free |
| UK–New Zealand agreement | New Zealand | Free |
| UK–Peru agreement | Peru | Free |
| UK–Papua New Guinea agreement | Papua New Guinea | Free |
| UK–Palestinian Territories agreement | Palestinian Territories | Free |
| UK–Serbia agreement | Serbia | Free |
| UK–Solomon Islands agreement | Solomon Islands | Free |
| UK–Singapore agreement | Singapore | Free |
| UK–San Marino agreement | San Marino | Free |
| UK–Tunisia agreement | Tunisia | Free |
| UK–Türkiye agreement | Türkiye | Free |
| UK–Ukraine agreement | Ukraine | Free |
| UK–Vietnam agreement | Vietnam | Free |
| UK–Samoa agreement | Samoa | Free |
| UK–Kosovo agreement | Kosovo | Free |
| UK–South Africa agreement | South Africa | Free |
UK: imports by month
Main suppliers, last 12 months
| Country | Value | Share | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
 Germany | £17.6m | 40.2% | +16% |
 Netherlands | £6m | 13.7% | +33.7% |
 United States | £4.8m | 10.9% | +20.4% |
 China | £4.5m | 10.4% | -0.7% |
| United Kingdom | £3.1m | 7% | +26.4% |
 Japan | £1.8m | 4.1% | +26.3% |
 Finland | £1.5m | 3.4% | +61.6% |
 Hungary | £1.2m | 2.8% | -56.5% |
Same subheading in other tariffs
EU Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Türkiye 6.7% Third-country duty 1 tariff line USA Free General (MFN) 1 tariff line 
Canada Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Mexico 15% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Brazil 4% – 20% Third-country duty 2 tariff lines · average 12% 
Argentina Free – 12.6% Third-country duty 2 tariff lines · average 6.3% 
Peru Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
New Zealand Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line Japan Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Taiwan Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
GCC 5% Third-country duty 2 tariff lines 
Switzerland Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Norway Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
North Macedonia Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Nigeria 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line World trade in 2024
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$98kUS$98k+US$1m+US$13m+> US$123m
Exports: 122
- Germany: US$418m
- China: US$223m
- Japan: US$171m
- United States: US$123m
- Netherlands: US$57m
- United Kingdom: US$56m
- Hungary: US$40m
- Singapore: US$36m
- Sweden: US$26m
- Finland: US$20m
- Italy: US$16m
- Taiwan: US$13m
- Switzerland: US$12m
- France: US$12m
- South Korea: US$11m
- India: US$10m
- Czechia: US$8m
- Hong Kong SAR China: US$6m
- Thailand: US$6m
- Austria: US$6m
- Belgium: US$5m
- Canada: US$5m
- Spain: US$5m
- Israel: US$5m
- Poland: US$4m
- Malaysia: US$4m
- Türkiye: US$3m
- Australia: US$2m
- Philippines: US$1m
- Kazakhstan: US$1m
- Denmark: US$1m
- Ireland: US$1m
- South Africa: US$1m
- Azerbaijan: US$897k
- Norway: US$616k
- Serbia: US$563k
- Estonia: US$561k
- New Zealand: US$538k
- Uruguay: US$506k
- Brazil: US$498k
- Russia: US$473k
- Portugal: US$427k
- Kuwait: US$344k
- Belarus: US$343k
- Slovenia: US$332k
- Chile: US$275k
- Latvia: US$245k
- Croatia: US$243k
- Saudi Arabia: US$236k
- Lithuania: US$228k
- Bulgaria: US$215k
- Qatar: US$207k
- Mexico: US$195k
- Armenia: US$167k
- Morocco: US$154k
- Bahrain: US$130k
- Egypt: US$116k
- Slovakia: US$108k
- Romania: US$98k
- Greece: US$98k
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$425kUS$425k+US$3m+US$19m+> US$45m
Imports: 199
- United States: US$269m
- Germany: US$118m
- China: US$110m
- United Kingdom: US$69m
- India: US$50m
- Japan: US$45m
- Netherlands: US$43m
- Hong Kong SAR China: US$37m
- South Korea: US$34m
- Canada: US$33m
- Italy: US$29m
- Taiwan: US$26m
- France: US$26m
- Australia: US$25m
- Switzerland: US$25m
- Israel: US$23m
- Russia: US$21m
- Brazil: US$20m
- Singapore: US$20m
- Thailand: US$19m
- Spain: US$19m
- Malaysia: US$19m
- Türkiye: US$16m
- Poland: US$15m
- Indonesia: US$14m
- Vietnam: US$12m
- Mexico: US$12m
- Austria: US$12m
- Czechia: US$8m
- Belgium: US$6m
- Ukraine: US$6m
- Philippines: US$6m
- United Arab Emirates: US$5m
- Sweden: US$5m
- Peru: US$5m
- Finland: US$5m
- Kazakhstan: US$5m
- Chile: US$5m
- Saudi Arabia: US$4m
- Costa Rica: US$4m
- Denmark: US$4m
- Morocco: US$4m
- Egypt: US$4m
- Romania: US$3m
- Norway: US$3m
- Libya: US$3m
- Colombia: US$3m
- Hungary: US$3m
- South Africa: US$3m
- Ireland: US$3m
- Armenia: US$2m
- Pakistan: US$2m
- Bulgaria: US$2m
- Portugal: US$2m
- Nigeria: US$2m
- Argentina: US$2m
- Ecuador: US$2m
- Serbia: US$2m
- Algeria: US$2m
- Uzbekistan: US$2m
Top exporters
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | US$418m | 31.7% |
| 2 | China | US$223m | 16.8% |
| 3 | Japan | US$171m | 12.9% |
| 4 | United States | US$123m | 9.3% |
| 5 | Netherlands | US$57m | 4.3% |
| 6 | United Kingdom | US$56m | 4.3% |
| 7 | Hungary | US$40m | 3% |
| 8 |  Singapore | US$36m | 2.8% |
| 9 |  Sweden | US$26m | 2% |
| 10 | Finland | US$20m | 1.5% |
Top importers
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | US$269m | 20.4% |
| 2 | Germany | US$118m | 8.9% |
| 3 | China | US$110m | 8.4% |
| 4 | United Kingdom | US$69m | 5.2% |
| 5 |  India | US$50m | 3.8% |
| 6 | Japan | US$45m | 3.4% |
| 7 | Netherlands | US$43m | 3.3% |
| 8 |  Hong Kong SAR China | US$37m | 2.8% |
| 9 |  South Korea | US$34m | 2.6% |
| 10 | Canada | US$33m | 2.5% |
Import duty on this product around the world 165
The most-favoured-nation (MFN) duty each country applies to goods of this HS subheading: the average over its national tariff lines, with the lowest and highest line where they differ. Goods from countries with a trade agreement often pay less.
- 5%median duty
- 75number of duty-free countries (MFN)
- 45%highest: Bahamas, Bermuda, Maldives
165
| Importing country | MFN duty | lines from – to | data year |
|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan | 2.5% | 2018 · HS 2012 | |
 Albania | 0% | 2023 | |
 Algeria | 5% | 2023 | |
 Angola | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Anguilla | 15% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Antigua & Barbuda | 5% | 2021 · HS 2007 | |
| Argentina | 1% | 0% – 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
 Armenia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Aruba | 12% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Australia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Azerbaijan | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Bahamas | 45% | 2022 | |
 Bahrain | 5% | 2023 | |
 Bangladesh | 1% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Barbados | 5% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Belarus | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Belize | 5% | 2023 | |
 Benin | 5% | 2023 | |
 Bermuda | 25% | 2023 | |
 Bhutan | 10% | 2022 | |
 Bolivia | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Bosnia & Herzegovina | 0% | 2022 | |
 Botswana | 0% | 2023 | |
| Brazil | 7% | 0% – 14% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
 Brunei | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Burkina Faso | 5% | 2023 | |
 Burundi | 0% | 2023 | |
 Cambodia | 7% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cameroon | 10% | 2023 | |
| Canada | 0% | 2023 | |
 Cape Verde | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cayman Islands | 0% | 2021 · HS 2002 | |
 Central African Republic | 10% | 2023 | |
 Chad | 10% | 2023 | |
 Chile | 6% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Colombia | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Comoros | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Congo - Brazzaville | 10% | 2023 | |
 Cook Islands | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Costa Rica | 0% | 2023 | |
 Côte d’Ivoire | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cuba | 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Dominica | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Dominican Republic | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ecuador | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Egypt | 5% | 2019 · HS 2017 | |
 El Salvador | 0% | 2022 | |
 Equatorial Guinea | 10% | 2023 | |
 Eswatini | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ethiopia | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
| European Union (27 countries) | 0% | 2023 | |
 Fiji | 5% | 2023 | |
 French Polynesia | 13% | 2023 | |
 Gabon | 10% | 2023 | |
 Gambia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Georgia | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Ghana | 5% | 2023 | |
 Gibraltar | 12% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Grenada | 5% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 Guatemala | 0% | 2023 | |
 Guinea | 5% | 2023 | |
 Guinea-Bissau | 5% | 2023 | |
 Guyana | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Haiti | 5% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Honduras | 0% | 2023 | |
| Hong Kong SAR China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Iceland | 0% | 2023 | |
| India | 7.5% | 2023 | |
 Indonesia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Iran | 5% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Israel | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Jamaica | 0% | 2023 | |
| Japan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Jordan | 5% | 2023 | |
 Kazakhstan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kenya | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kiribati | 0% | 2023 · HS 2002 | |
 Kuwait | 5% | 2023 | |
 Kyrgyzstan | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Laos | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Lebanon | 5% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Lesotho | 0% | 2023 | |
 Liberia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Libya | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Liechtenstein | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Macao SAR China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Madagascar | 5% | 2023 | |
 Malawi | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Malaysia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Maldives | 20% | 2023 | |
 Mali | 5% | 2023 | |
 Mauritania | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Mauritius | 0% | 2023 | |
| Mexico | 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Micronesia | 4% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Moldova | 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Mongolia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Montserrat | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Morocco | 2.5% | 2023 | |
 Mozambique | 5% | 2023 | |
 Myanmar (Burma) | 3% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Namibia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Nauru | 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Nepal | 5% | 2023 | |
| New Zealand | 0% | 2023 | |
 Nicaragua | 0% | 2023 | |
 Niger | 5% | 2023 | |
| Nigeria | 5% | 2023 | |
| North Macedonia | 0% | 2023 | |
| Norway | 0% | 2023 | |
 Oman | 5% | 2023 | |
 Pakistan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Palau | 3% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 Palestinian Territories | 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Panama | 0% | 2023 | |
 Papua New Guinea | 0% | 2023 | |
 Paraguay | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| Peru | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Philippines | 0% | 2023 | |
 Qatar | 5% | 2023 | |
 Russia | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Rwanda | 0% | 2023 | |
 Samoa | 8% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 São Tomé & Príncipe | 10% | 2019 · HS 2017 | |
 Saudi Arabia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Senegal | 5% | 2023 | |
 Seychelles | 0% | 2023 | |
 Sierra Leone | 5% | 2023 | |
| Singapore | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Solomon Islands | 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Somalia | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 South Africa | 0% | 2023 | |
| South Korea | 0% | 2023 | |
 Sri Lanka | 0% | 2023 | |
 St Kitts & Nevis | 5% | 2023 | |
 St Lucia | 0% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 St Pierre & Miquelon | 8% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 St Vincent & the Grenadines | 5% | 2023 | |
 Sudan | 10% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Suriname | 5% | 2023 · HS 2007 | |
| Switzerland | 0% | 2023 | |
 Syria | 5% | 2020 · HS 2012 | |
 Tajikistan | 5% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Tanzania | 0% | 2023 | |
 Thailand | 0% | 2023 | |
 Togo | 5% | 2023 | |
 Tonga | 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Trinidad & Tobago | 0% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
| Türkiye | 6.7% | 2023 | |
 Tuvalu | 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Uganda | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ukraine | 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 United Arab Emirates | 5% | 2023 | |
| United Kingdom | 0% | 2023 | |
| United States | 0% | 2023 | |
 Uruguay | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Uzbekistan | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Vanuatu | 0% | 2023 | |
 Venezuela | 7% | 0% – 14% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
 Vietnam | 0% | 2023 | |
 Wallis & Futuna | 6% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Yemen | 5% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Zambia | 0% | 2023 | |
 Zimbabwe | 0% | 2023 |
Tariff data years 2017–2023; rates may have changed since. · UNCTAD TRAINS, accessed via WITS (World Bank)
Classifications and correspondences
Where this HS subheading sits in the United Nations' statistical classifications, and which codes it had in earlier editions of the Harmonized System.
- SITC Rev. 4
- 87145 Microscopes, n.e.s.
- End use (BEC Rev. 5)
- Capital goods · BEC 712
- CPC 2.1 product
- 48314 Binoculars, monoculars and other optical telescopes; other astronomical instruments, except instruments for radio-astronomy; compound optical microscopes
- ISIC Rev. 4 activity
- 2670 Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment
Earlier HS editions
| HS | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 9011.80 | changed |
| 2012 | 9011.80 | changed |
| 2007 | 9011.80 | changed |
| 2002 | 9011.80 | changed |
| 1996 | 9011.80 | changed |
| 1992 | 9011.80 | changed |
Correspondence tables of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
Binding rulings for similar goods 2
Decisions of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CROSS) and HMRC (Advance Tariff Rulings) on goods classified here. A ruling binds only its holder, but shows how the authorities classify similar goods. The descriptions are the authorities’ own, in English.
- N361559 U.S. CBP
The tariff classification of a confocal microscope system from Japan
- 600016085 HMRC
An illuminated plastic microscope set with interchangeable magnification settings of 100x, 300x and 450x. The microscope is made principally of ABS plastic and incorporates internal electrics, LEDs and a battery compartment for 2 AAA batteries (not supplied). It is supplied with prepared specimen…
Subheading 9011.80 is a single line in the UK Global Tariff, where the duty is duty-free.
The EU Combined Nomenclature has one tariff line for subheading 9011.80; the duty is duty-free.
Goods from 174 countries can enter the UK at a preferential rate instead of the standard Free; 174 of them pay no duty at all, for example under DCTS Comprehensive or European Union.
In the UK, additional duty of 35% applies on top of the customs duty to goods from Belarus and Russia.
In the 12 months to August 2026, the UK imported other compound microscopes worth £43.7m (up 7% on the year before), at an average of £185.94 per kg; Germany supplied 40%, followed by Netherlands.
World trade in other compound microscopes reached US$1bn in 2024, down 8.7% on 2023.
Germany was the largest exporter with 31.7% of the total, ahead of China.
Questions and answers
What is the HS code for compound optical microscopes, including those: other microscopes?
Compound optical microscopes, including those: other microscopes fall under HS subheading 9011.80, part of heading 9011, in section XVIII of the Harmonized System.
What is the import duty on compound optical microscopes in the UK?
Under the UK Global Tariff, imports under 9011.80 from countries without a preferential agreement are free of duty. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
What is the import duty on compound optical microscopes in the EU?
Under the EU Combined Nomenclature, imports under 9011.80 from countries without a preferential agreement are free of duty. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
Which country exports the most compound optical microscopes?
Germany, with US$418m in 2024 (31.7% of world exports).
Which countries can export other compound microscopes to the UK duty-free?
174 countries pay no duty under a trade agreement or preference scheme, among them partners under DCTS Comprehensive, European Union, DCTS Enhanced. The goods must meet the agreement’s rules of origin and the importer needs proof of origin; otherwise the standard rate of Free applies. Pick a country above to see its rate.
Is there anti-dumping duty on other compound microscopes?
The UK charges additional duty of 35% on goods from Belarus and Russia. Lower rates apply to the named exporters listed in the measure.
Where does the UK import other compound microscopes from?
In the 12 months to August 2026, the largest suppliers were Germany (40%), Netherlands (14%) and United States (11%), out of total imports of £43.7m.