Subheading · Chapter 84 · Heading 8429
8429.51: Mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders: front-end shovel loaders
Front-end loaders
Official description Front-end shovel loaders
8429.51 is the HS subheading for front-end loaders, under heading 8429 in chapter 84.
What you pay
Importing into UK
Rates by national line · UK Global Tariff
UK lines →- 8429 51 00 00 Front-end shovel loaders p/st
- 8429 51 10 00 Loaders specially designed for underground use Freep/st
- Other p/st
- 8429 51 91 00 Crawler shovel loaders Freep/st
- 8429 51 99 00 Other Freep/st
Additional duties and import rules
Charges on top of the customs duty, and rules the goods must meet at the border.
Additional duties and charges 1
- Additional dutyAdditional duties 35%
- Applies to goods from
- Belarus, Russia
- Legal act
- 2022 No. 376
- Documents
- 9008
Import requirements 2
- Prohibition or restrictionImport prohibition
- Applies to goods from
- North Korea
- Legal act
- S.I. 2019/411
- Import controlRestriction on entry into free circulation
- Applies to goods from
- Ukraine
- Legal act
- S.I. 2022/395
- Documents
- 9009
- 9010
- 9017
Preferential rates by country
| Agreement or scheme | Countries | Rate |
|---|---|---|
| standard rate (no agreement) | — | Free |
| DCTS Comprehensive | Afghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin and 38 moreAfghanistan, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo - Kinshasa, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Kiribati, Laos, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé & Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tuvalu, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia | Free |
| European Union (including code " EU") | Free | |
| DCTS Enhanced | Algeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville and 13 moreAlgeria, Bolivia, Cape Verde, Congo - Brazzaville, Cook Islands, Kyrgyzstan, Micronesia, Mongolia, Nigeria, Niue, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu | Free |
| CARIFORUM | Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize and 10 moreAntigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St Kitts & Nevis, St Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago | Free |
| OCTs (Overseas Countries and Territories) | Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands and 7 moreAnguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands, St Helena, Turks & Caicos Islands | Free |
| Central America | Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama | Free |
| SADC EPA | Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia | Free |
| Eastern and Southern Africa States | Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, Zimbabwe | Free |
| CPTPP | Brunei, Malaysia | Free |
| UK–Andorra agreement | Andorra | Free |
| UK–Albania agreement | Albania | Free |
| UK–Australia agreement | Australia | Free |
| UK–Canada agreement | Canada | Free |
| UK–Switzerland agreement | Switzerland | Free |
| UK–Côte d’Ivoire agreement | Côte d’Ivoire | Free |
| UK–Chile agreement | Chile | Free |
| UK–Cameroon agreement | Cameroon | Free |
| UK–Colombia agreement | Colombia | Free |
| UK–Ceuta & Melilla agreement | Ceuta & Melilla | Free |
| UK–Ecuador agreement | Ecuador | Free |
| UK–Egypt agreement | Egypt | Free |
| UK–Fiji agreement | Fiji | Free |
| UK–Faroe Islands agreement | Faroe Islands | Free |
| UK–Georgia agreement | Georgia | Free |
| UK–Ghana agreement | Ghana | Free |
| DCTS Standard | Indonesia | Free |
| UK–Israel agreement | Israel | Free |
| UK–India agreement | India | Free |
| UK–Iceland agreement | Iceland | Free |
| UK–Jordan agreement | Jordan | Free |
| UK–Japan agreement | Japan | Free |
| UK–Kenya agreement | Kenya | Free |
| UK–South Korea agreement | South Korea | Free |
| UK–Lebanon agreement | Lebanon | Free |
| UK–Liechtenstein agreement | Liechtenstein | Free |
| UK–Morocco agreement | Morocco | Free |
| UK–Moldova agreement | Moldova | Free |
| UK–North Macedonia agreement | North Macedonia | Free |
| UK–Mexico agreement | Mexico | Free |
| UK–Norway agreement | Norway | Free |
| UK–New Zealand agreement | New Zealand | Free |
| UK–Peru agreement | Peru | Free |
| UK–Papua New Guinea agreement | Papua New Guinea | Free |
| UK–Palestinian Territories agreement | Palestinian Territories | Free |
| UK–Serbia agreement | Serbia | Free |
| UK–Solomon Islands agreement | Solomon Islands | Free |
| UK–Singapore agreement | Singapore | Free |
| UK–San Marino agreement | San Marino | Free |
| UK–Tunisia agreement | Tunisia | Free |
| UK–Türkiye agreement | Türkiye | Free |
| UK–Ukraine agreement | Ukraine | Free |
| UK–Vietnam agreement | Vietnam | Free |
| UK–Samoa agreement | Samoa | Free |
| UK–Kosovo agreement | Kosovo | Free |
| UK–South Africa agreement | South Africa | Free |
UK: imports by month
Main suppliers, last 12 months
| Country | Value | Share | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
 Germany | £75.7m | 24.7% | +53.7% |
 China | £67.3m | 22% | +102.9% |
 Sweden | £48.1m | 15.7% | -10.9% |
 United States | £18.5m | 6% | -12.5% |
 Austria | £17.8m | 5.8% | +83.3% |
 France | £16.8m | 5.5% | +7.4% |
 South Korea | £16.7m | 5.5% | +44.2% |
 Brazil | £8.7m | 2.9% | +43.1% |
Same subheading in other tariffs
EU Free Third-country duty 3 tariff lines 
Türkiye Free Third-country duty 9 tariff lines USA Free General (MFN) 2 tariff lines 
Canada Free Third-country duty 20 tariff lines 
Mexico Free – 15% Third-country duty 4 tariff lines · average 3.8% Brazil 7.2% – 14% Third-country duty 7 tariff lines · average 10.1% 
Argentina Free – 14% Third-country duty 7 tariff lines · average 6% 
Peru Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
New Zealand 5% Third-country duty 3 tariff lines 
Japan Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Taiwan Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
GCC 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Switzerland Free Third-country duty 1 tariff line 
Norway Free Third-country duty 2 tariff lines 
North Macedonia Free Third-country duty 3 tariff lines 
Nigeria 5% Third-country duty 1 tariff line World trade in 2024
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$833kUS$833k+US$9m+US$334m+> US$1bn
Exports: 150
- China: US$4bn
- United States: US$2bn
- Japan: US$2bn
- Sweden: US$1bn
- Germany: US$1bn
- Brazil: US$782m
- United Kingdom: US$772m
- Austria: US$728m
- South Korea: US$526m
- Czechia: US$479m
- France: US$389m
- Italy: US$377m
- Belgium: US$367m
- Netherlands: US$339m
- Finland: US$334m
- India: US$303m
- Thailand: US$161m
- South Africa: US$53m
- Canada: US$52m
- Norway: US$47m
- Switzerland: US$38m
- Türkiye: US$38m
- Denmark: US$32m
- Poland: US$30m
- Singapore: US$26m
- Spain: US$25m
- Mexico: US$21m
- Saudi Arabia: US$20m
- Bulgaria: US$14m
- Australia: US$12m
- Estonia: US$11m
- Slovenia: US$11m
- Kazakhstan: US$10m
- Ireland: US$10m
- Chile: US$10m
- Hungary: US$10m
- Malaysia: US$10m
- Slovakia: US$9m
- Tunisia: US$9m
- Kuwait: US$8m
- Luxembourg: US$8m
- Hong Kong SAR China: US$8m
- Lithuania: US$7m
- Peru: US$7m
- Romania: US$6m
- Côte d’Ivoire: US$6m
- New Zealand: US$6m
- Latvia: US$6m
- Burkina Faso: US$4m
- Mauritius: US$4m
- Greece: US$4m
- Croatia: US$4m
- Indonesia: US$3m
- Kenya: US$3m
- Portugal: US$3m
- Philippines: US$3m
- United Arab Emirates: US$3m
- Senegal: US$2m
- Togo: US$2m
- Greenland: US$2m
Trade value (US$) no reported trade < US$10mUS$10m+US$40m+US$173m+> US$444m
Imports: 217
- United States: US$3bn
- Canada: US$1bn
- Australia: US$846m
- Germany: US$765m
- Russia: US$497m
- Italy: US$456m
- France: US$444m
- Netherlands: US$382m
- Belgium: US$339m
- United Kingdom: US$324m
- Türkiye: US$291m
- Brazil: US$284m
- Poland: US$275m
- United Arab Emirates: US$275m
- Mexico: US$250m
- Saudi Arabia: US$249m
- Spain: US$238m
- Peru: US$218m
- Indonesia: US$206m
- Sweden: US$205m
- Japan: US$180m
- Norway: US$173m
- South Africa: US$173m
- Kazakhstan: US$162m
- Chile: US$161m
- Czechia: US$150m
- Romania: US$132m
- Austria: US$131m
- Denmark: US$116m
- India: US$106m
- Finland: US$96m
- Bulgaria: US$84m
- Ireland: US$82m
- Israel: US$81m
- Vietnam: US$75m
- Switzerland: US$75m
- Argentina: US$70m
- Colombia: US$61m
- Egypt: US$59m
- Thailand: US$58m
- Algeria: US$56m
- Mongolia: US$56m
- South Korea: US$55m
- Iraq: US$54m
- China: US$54m
- Ghana: US$52m
- Portugal: US$52m
- Philippines: US$51m
- Malaysia: US$47m
- Ukraine: US$46m
- Greece: US$45m
- Libya: US$44m
- New Zealand: US$43m
- Lithuania: US$42m
- Uzbekistan: US$40m
- Hungary: US$39m
- Morocco: US$39m
- Congo - Kinshasa: US$38m
- Dominican Republic: US$37m
- Zimbabwe: US$36m
Top exporters
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | US$4bn | 23.8% |
| 2 | United States | US$2bn | 12.6% |
| 3 | Japan | US$2bn | 10.1% |
| 4 | Sweden | US$1bn | 6.8% |
| 5 | Germany | US$1bn | 6.7% |
| 6 | Brazil | US$782m | 5% |
| 7 | United Kingdom | US$772m | 5% |
| 8 | Austria | US$728m | 4.7% |
| 9 | South Korea | US$526m | 3.4% |
| 10 |  Czechia | US$479m | 3.1% |
Top importers
| Rank | Country | Value | Share |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | US$3bn | 20.7% |
| 2 | Canada | US$1bn | 9% |
| 3 |  Australia | US$846m | 5.5% |
| 4 | Germany | US$765m | 4.9% |
| 5 |  Russia | US$497m | 3.2% |
| 6 |  Italy | US$456m | 2.9% |
| 7 | France | US$444m | 2.9% |
| 8 |  Netherlands | US$382m | 2.5% |
| 9 |  Belgium | US$339m | 2.2% |
| 10 | United Kingdom | US$324m | 2.1% |
Import duty on this product around the world 164
The most-favoured-nation (MFN) duty each country applies to goods of this HS subheading: the average over its national tariff lines, with the lowest and highest line where they differ. Goods from countries with a trade agreement often pay less.
- 5%median duty
- 62number of duty-free countries (MFN)
- 50%highest: Maldives, Bahamas, Bermuda
164
| Importing country | MFN duty | lines from – to | data year |
|---|---|---|---|
 Afghanistan | 2.5% | 2018 · HS 2012 | |
 Albania | 0% | 2023 | |
 Algeria | 5% | 2023 | |
 Angola | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Anguilla | 20% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Antigua & Barbuda | 5% | 2021 · HS 2007 | |
| Argentina | 6% | 0% – 14% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
 Armenia | 3.3% | 0% – 5% | 2023 |
 Aruba | 12% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
| Australia | 2.5% | 0% – 5% | 2023 |
 Azerbaijan | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Bahamas | 45% | 2022 | |
 Bahrain | 5% | 2023 | |
 Bangladesh | 1% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Barbados | 5% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Belarus | 3.3% | 0% – 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 |
 Belize | 5% | 2023 | |
 Benin | 5% | 2023 | |
 Bermuda | 35% | 2023 | |
 Bhutan | 0% | 2022 | |
 Bolivia | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Bosnia & Herzegovina | 5% | 2022 | |
 Botswana | 5% | 0% – 10% | 2023 |
| Brazil | 6% | 0% – 14% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
 Brunei | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Burkina Faso | 5% | 2023 | |
 Burundi | 0% | 2023 | |
 Cambodia | 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cameroon | 10% | 2023 | |
| Canada | 0% | 2023 | |
 Cape Verde | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cayman Islands | 22% | 2021 · HS 2002 | |
 Central African Republic | 10% | 2023 | |
 Chad | 10% | 2023 | |
 Chile | 6% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
| China | 5% | 2023 | |
 Colombia | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Comoros | 20% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Congo - Brazzaville | 10% | 2023 | |
 Cook Islands | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Costa Rica | 0% | 2023 | |
 Côte d’Ivoire | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Cuba | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Dominica | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Dominican Republic | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ecuador | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Egypt | 5% | 2019 · HS 2017 | |
 El Salvador | 0% | 2022 | |
 Equatorial Guinea | 10% | 2023 | |
 Eswatini | 5% | 0% – 10% | 2023 |
 Ethiopia | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
| European Union (27 countries) | 0% | 2023 | |
 Fiji | 0% | 2023 | |
 French Polynesia | 10% | 2023 | |
 Gabon | 10% | 2023 | |
 Gambia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Georgia | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Ghana | 5% | 2023 | |
 Gibraltar | 12% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Grenada | 5% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 Guatemala | 0% | 2023 | |
 Guinea | 5% | 2023 | |
 Guinea-Bissau | 5% | 2023 | |
 Guyana | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Haiti | 5% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Honduras | 0% | 2023 | |
 Hong Kong SAR China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Iceland | 0% | 2023 | |
 India | 7.5% | 2023 | |
 Indonesia | 10% | 2023 | |
 Iran | 13% | 5% – 26% | 2020 · HS 2017 |
 Israel | 0% | 2022 · HS 2017 | |
 Jamaica | 0% | 2023 | |
| Japan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Jordan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kazakhstan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kenya | 0% | 2023 | |
 Kiribati | 0% | 2023 · HS 2002 | |
 Kuwait | 5% | 2023 | |
 Kyrgyzstan | 3.3% | 0% – 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 |
 Laos | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Lebanon | 5% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 Lesotho | 5% | 0% – 10% | 2023 |
 Liberia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Libya | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Liechtenstein | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Macao SAR China | 0% | 2023 | |
 Madagascar | 5% | 2023 | |
 Malawi | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Malaysia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Maldives | 50% | 2023 | |
 Mali | 5% | 2023 | |
 Mauritania | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Mauritius | 0% | 2023 | |
| Mexico | 7.5% | 0% – 15% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
 Micronesia | 4% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Moldova | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Mongolia | 5% | 2023 | |
 Montserrat | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Morocco | 2.5% | 2023 | |
 Mozambique | 5% | 2023 | |
 Myanmar (Burma) | 3% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Namibia | 5% | 0% – 10% | 2023 |
 Nauru | 25% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Nepal | 5% | 2023 | |
| New Zealand | 5% | 2023 | |
 Nicaragua | 0% | 2023 | |
 Niger | 5% | 2023 | |
| Nigeria | 5% | 2023 | |
| North Macedonia | 0% | 2023 | |
| Norway | 0% | 2023 | |
 Oman | 5% | 2023 | |
 Pakistan | 0% | 2023 | |
 Palestinian Territories | 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Panama | 0% | 2023 | |
 Papua New Guinea | 0% | 2023 | |
 Paraguay | 0.3% | 0% – 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
| Peru | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Philippines | 0% | 2023 | |
 Qatar | 5% | 2023 | |
| Russia | 3.3% | 0% – 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 |
 Rwanda | 0% | 2023 | |
 Samoa | 8% | 2020 · HS 2017 | |
 São Tomé & Príncipe | 10% | 2019 · HS 2017 | |
 Saudi Arabia | 6% | 2023 | |
 Senegal | 5% | 2023 | |
 Seychelles | 0% | 2023 | |
 Sierra Leone | 5% | 2023 | |
 Singapore | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Solomon Islands | 10% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Somalia | 5% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 South Africa | 5% | 0% – 10% | 2023 |
| South Korea | 0% | 2023 | |
 Sri Lanka | 0% | 2023 | |
 St Kitts & Nevis | 5% | 2023 | |
 St Lucia | 0% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
 St Pierre & Miquelon | 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 St Vincent & the Grenadines | 5% | 2023 | |
 Sudan | 0% | 2021 · HS 2017 | |
 Suriname | 5% | 2023 · HS 2007 | |
| Switzerland | 0% | 2023 | |
 Syria | 5% | 2020 · HS 2012 | |
 Tajikistan | 0% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Tanzania | 0% | 2023 | |
 Thailand | 5% | 2023 | |
 Togo | 5% | 2023 | |
 Tonga | 3% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 Trinidad & Tobago | 0% | 2023 · HS 2012 | |
| Türkiye | 5% | 2023 | |
 Tuvalu | 0% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Uganda | 0% | 2023 | |
 Ukraine | 0% | 2023 · HS 2017 | |
 United Arab Emirates | 5% | 2023 | |
| United Kingdom | 0% | 2023 | |
| United States | 0% | 2023 | |
 Uruguay | 0.8% | 0% – 2% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
 Uzbekistan | 1.7% | 0% – 5% | 2021 · HS 2017 |
 Vanuatu | 5% | 2023 | |
 Venezuela | 6% | 0% – 14% | 2023 · HS 2017 |
 Vietnam | 0% | 2023 | |
 Wallis & Futuna | 10% | 2021 · HS 2012 | |
 Yemen | 5% | 2017 · HS 2017 | |
 Zambia | 10% | 2023 | |
 Zimbabwe | 0% | 2023 |
Tariff data years 2017–2023; rates may have changed since. · UNCTAD TRAINS, accessed via WITS (World Bank)
Classifications and correspondences
Where this HS subheading sits in the United Nations' statistical classifications, and which codes it had in earlier editions of the Harmonized System.
- SITC Rev. 4
- 72321 Front-end shovel-loaders, self-propelled
- End use (BEC Rev. 5)
- Capital goods · BEC 212010
- CPC 2.1 product
- 44425 Front-end shovel loaders, self-propelled
- ISIC Rev. 4 activity
- 2824 Manufacture of machinery for mining, quarrying and construction
Earlier HS editions
| HS | Code | |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | 8429.51 | changed |
| 2012 | 8429.51 | changed |
| 2007 | 8429.51 | changed |
| 2002 | 8429.51 | changed |
| 1996 | 8429.51 | changed |
| 1992 | 8429.51 | changed |
Correspondence tables of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
In the UK Global Tariff, subheading 8429.51 covers 3 tariff lines and the duty is duty-free.
The EU Combined Nomenclature divides subheading 8429.51 into 3 tariff lines; the duty is duty-free.
Goods from 174 countries can enter the UK at a preferential rate instead of the standard Free; 174 of them pay no duty at all, for example under DCTS Comprehensive or European Union.
In the UK, additional duty of 35% applies on top of the customs duty to goods from Belarus and Russia.
In the 12 months to August 2026, the UK imported front-end loaders worth £306.7m (up 36% on the year before), at an average of £8.25 per kg; Germany supplied 25%, followed by China.
World trade in front-end loaders reached US$16bn in 2024, down 14.8% on 2023.
China was the largest exporter with 23.8% of the total, ahead of the United States.
Products classified here
Questions and answers
What is the HS code for mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders: front-end shovel loaders?
Mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders: front-end shovel loaders fall under HS subheading 8429.51, part of heading 8429, in section XVI of the Harmonized System.
What is the import duty on mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders in the UK?
Under the UK Global Tariff, imports under 8429.51 from countries without a preferential agreement are free of duty. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
What is the import duty on mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders in the EU?
Under the EU Combined Nomenclature, imports under 8429.51 from countries without a preferential agreement are free of duty. Preferential rates, anti-dumping duties and VAT are not included.
Which country exports the most mechanical shovels, excavators and shovel loaders?
China, with US$4bn in 2024 (23.8% of world exports).
Which countries can export front-end loaders to the UK duty-free?
174 countries pay no duty under a trade agreement or preference scheme, among them partners under DCTS Comprehensive, European Union, DCTS Enhanced. The goods must meet the agreement’s rules of origin and the importer needs proof of origin; otherwise the standard rate of Free applies. Pick a country above to see its rate.
Is there anti-dumping duty on front-end loaders?
The UK charges additional duty of 35% on goods from Belarus and Russia. Lower rates apply to the named exporters listed in the measure.
Where does the UK import front-end loaders from?
In the 12 months to August 2026, the largest suppliers were Germany (25%), China (22%) and Sweden (16%), out of total imports of £306.7m.
Typical products
- loader transporters, for mines
- mechanical shovels
- multi bucket excavators
- self propelled shovel loaders
Everyday names, not part of the legal text.